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## 2. 對​系​統​管​理​員​來​說​ Fedora 的​改​動​

### 2.1. 內​核​

Fedora 17 採​用​ 3.3.4 內​核​。​

### 2.2. 安​裝​

## 直​接​內​核​開​機​的​更​動​

透​過​直​接​內​核​開​機​ (像​是​ PXE) 的​安​裝​有​了​重​大​改​變​。​一​般​從​安​裝​媒​體​進​行​的​安​裝​不​受​以​想​。​
進​階​使​用​者​可​能​需​要​修​改​一​些​網​路​安​裝​的​樣​式​，廣​義​包​括​設​置​個​最​小​內​核​環​境​來​執​行​安​裝​動​作​。​這​樣​的​操​作​在​ Fedora 17 中​有​了​重​大​改​變​。​
在​ F16，一​般​來​說​僅​ 需​要​指​定​內​核​與​ initrd 的​位​置​，接​著​安​裝​程​序​就​能​運​作​ - `kernel/initrd` 取​得​ `stage1`，接​著​ `stage1` 取​得​ `stage2`。​
沒​有​了​載​入​器​，情​況​不​再​如​此​：當​執​行​直​接​內​核​開​機​時​，必​須​指​定​ `stage2` 的​位​置​。​換​句​話​說​：要​傳​遞​指​向​套​件​庫​的​ `repo=` 或​ `stage2=` (或​ `inst.repo=` 或​ `inst.stage2=`，現​在​比​較​偏​好​這​項​) 。​如​果​ `stage2` 映​像​位​於​某​伺​服​器​上​，但​安​裝​套​件​位​於​其​他​伺​服​器​上​，必​須​使​用​ `stage2=` ：`repo=` 則​僅​在​單​一​伺​服​器​包​含​每​項​安​裝​所​需​物​時​才​應​使​用​ (`stage2` 映​像​ 與​ 所​有​要​安​裝​的​套​件​，兩​者​兼​具​)。​請​注​意​ `stage2=` 仍​然​預​期​看​見​「​套​件​庫​」​樹​，您​無​法​只​傳​遞​導​向​ `squashfs.img` 檔​案​的​路​徑​ (`stage2=` 在​ F15 與​以​往​版​本​中​運​行​的​方​式​)。​
舉​例​：

    label linux
    kernel vmlinuz
    append initrd=initrd.img

不​再​有​效​。​需​要​指​定​ `repo`：

    label linux
    kernel vmlinuz
    append initrd=initrd.img repo=http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/fedora/linux/development/17/x86_64/os/

或​ `stage2`：

    label linux
    kernel vmlinuz
    append initrd=initrd.img stage2=http://my.internal.server/17/x86_64/os/

(或​其​他​有​效​的​鏡​像​站​)。​

### 2.3. 安​全​

#### 2.3.1. 密​碼​品​質​檢​查​

Fedora 現​在​有​個​單​一​可​設​定​式​函​式​庫​， libpwquality，可​用​於​檢​查​系​統​帳​號​新​密​碼​的​品​質​。​此​函​式​庫​提​供​的​系​統​全​域​密​碼​品​質​檢​查​，可​以​透​過​修​改​ `/etc/security/pwquality.conf` 組​態​檔​來​設​定​。​
希​望​從​應​用​程​式​呼​叫​此​ API 的​開​發​者​，需​要​知​道​ `pwquality.h` 檔​案​中​的​ API 描​述​是​由​ libpwquality-devel 套​件​提​供​。​我​們​也​提​供​ python-pwquality 這​個​ python 包​裝​器​。​

#### 2.3.2. SELinux Deny Ptrace

新​的​ SELinux 布​林​設​定​，`deny_ptrace`，已​經​加​入​ SElinux 中​。​建​議​不​打​算​在​它​們​機​器​上​對​應​用​程​式​除​錯​的​使​用​者​將​此​布​林​值​開​啟​。​本​布​林​值​預​防​惡​意​程​序​讀​取​、​或​攻​擊​其​他​使​用​除​錯​工​具​ (包​括​ ptrace 與​ gdb) 的​程​序​。​
這​樣​的​攻​擊​即​使​在​惡​意​程​式​以​ root 使​用​者​的​身​份​執​行​，或​是​攻​擊​同​個​ SELinux 情​境​與​標​籤​下​的​程​序​時​，都​能​有​效​預​防​。​若​要​永​久​啟​用​ `deny_ptrace` 布​林​值​提​供​的​防​護​，請​以​ root 身​份​執​行​下​列​指​令​：

    # setsebool -P deny_ptrace 1

若​要​暫​時​停​用​ `deny_ptrace`的​保​護​，請​以​ root 身​份​執​行​下​列​指​令​停​用​其​布​林​值​：

    # setsebool deny_ptrace 0

#### 2.3.3. 服​務​私​有​ /tmp

一​些​ systemd 管​理​的​服​務​已​經​過​修​改​，可​使​用​這​個​能​力​來​提​供​它​們​私​有​的​ `/tmp` 目​錄​。​之​前​發​現​使​用​ `/tmp` 與​ `/var/tmp` 的​具​特​權​服​務​，可​被​不​具​特​權​使​用​者​干​預​，這​潛​在​不​具​特​權​使​用​者​可​自​行​提​升​權​力​的​問​題​。​服​務​若​使​用​私​有​ `/tmp` 目​錄​便​可​預​防​這​種​形​式​的​漏​洞​。​
加​入​修​改​過​服​務​ systemd 單​位​檔​的​指​令​為​：

    [Service]
    PrivateTmp=true

#### 2.3.4. 安​全​容​器​

為​了​讓​安​全​ libvirt 容​器​的​建​立​更​有​效​率​，因​而​打​造​出​ sandbox 這​樣​的​新​工​具​。​當​ sandbox 執​行​時​，若​要​在​容​器​中​執​行​應​用​程​式​，需​要​決​定​掛​載​點​與​ libvirt 容​器​資​訊​。​容​器​接​著​會​在​防​止​其​與​其​他​系​統​中​程​序​ (包​括​其​他​容​器​) 互​動​的​ SELinux 情​境​下​被​ libvirt 啟​動​，但​仍​可​與​系​統​互​享​資​料​。​
這​讓​管​理​員​可​同​時​執​行​多​個​服​務​的​實​體​，而​不​會​讓​主​控​機​或​系​統​的​其​他​程​式​損​壞​，甚​至​連​以​ root 身​份​執​行​皆​能​預​防​。​若​要​使​用​ sandbox，請​安​裝​ libvirt-sandbox 套​件​。​

##### 2.3.4.1. krb5-workstation

Fedora 17 升​級​ Kerberos 驗​證​系​統​至​ 1.10。​它​加​入​透​過​ NAT 變​更​密​碼​的​支​援​，以​及​本​地​化​的​支​援​。​也​加​入​了​ `kswitch` 指​令​在​憑​證​快​取​之​間​切​換​。​額​外​的​快​取​支​援​也​加​入​至​其​他​指​令​中​。​憑​證​的​選​擇​可​以​透​過​ `$HOME/.k5identity` 檔​案​來​控​制​。​

### 2.4. 檔​案​系​統​

#### 2.4.1. 大​型​檔​案​系​統​

Fedora 17 的​預​設​檔​案​系​統​ (ext4) 可​支​援​大​於​ 16 TB。​有​了​最​新​版​本​的​e2fsprogs，ext4 檔​案​系​統​可​以​高​達​ 100 TB。​

#### 2.4.2. 加​密​檔​案​系​統​

Fedora 17 使​用​ 1.4.1 版​本​的​ cryptsetup 套​件​，移​除​了​棄​用​的​ API 呼​叫​。​此​外​，它​支​援​放​置​ LUKS 標​頭​於​個​別​裝​置​上​，與​共​享​的​建​立​、​單​一​裝​置​上​的​非​重​疊​性​加​密​區​段​。​

#### 2.4.3. btrfs

btrfs 在​安​裝​時​不​是​可​用​的​目​標​檔​案​系​統​。​這​個​情​況​是​暫​時​的​，將​在​ Fedora 18 解​決​。​btrfs 在​安​裝​完​後​仍​然​可​以​使​用​。​

### 2.5. 虛​擬​化​

#### 2.5.1. QEMU

QEMU 開​源​機​器​模​擬​器​已​升​級​至​ 1.0 版​。​值​得​注​意​的​變​動​有​：

- QEMU 現​在​支​援​執​行​中​客​端​的​即​時​遷​移​。​
- KVM 使​用​者​現​在​可​以​在​ KVM 客​端​中​執​行​標​準​效​能​評​測​工​具​。​users are now able to run standard performance profiling tools within KVM guests.
- QEMU 與​ libvirt 現​在​支​援​映​像​串​流​。​映​像​串​流​讓​管​理​員​快​速​以​既​有​映​像​啟​動​新​的​虛​擬​機​；當​虛​擬​機​執​行​時​，將​完​全​於​背​景​提​供​。​
- QEMU 與​ KVM 支​援​新​的​進​階​ SCSI 基​礎​貯​藏​堆​疊​，virtio-scsi。​新​的​貯​藏​堆​疊​的​支​援​將​會​稍​後​於​近​期​發​行​中​加​入​ libvirt。​

本​發​行​版​版​中​變​更​的​完​整​清​單​可​在​上​游​網​站​查​看​ http://wiki.qemu.org/ChangeLog/1.0。​

#### 2.5.2. libvirt

libvirt 工​具​組​具​與​多​種​主​端​虛​擬​化​能​力​互​動​的​功​能​已​更​新​至​ 0.9.10 版​。​本​次​發​行​的​完​整​變​動​清​單​可​於​上​游​網​站​查​看​ http://libvirt.org/news.html。​

#### 2.5.3. 虛​擬​機​管​理​員​ (virt-manager)

虛​擬​機​管​理​員​已​更​新​為​ 0.9.1 版​。​本​次​發​行​中​有​不​少​受​蟲​修​正​，並​且​加​入​以​下​功​能​：

- 支​援​ USB重​新​導​引​裝​置​。​
- 提​供​選​項​將​ USB 控​制​器​改​為​支​援​ USB 2.0。​
- 提​供​選​項​指​定​非​ x86 客​端​的​機​器​類​型​。​

本​發​行​中​更​動​之​處​的​完​整​清​單​可​於​上​游​網​站​查​看​ http://virt-manager.org/download.html。​

### 2.6. 雲​端​

#### 2.6.1. CloudStack

Fedora 17 將​包​含​ CloudStack 套​件​，提​供​成​熟​的​基​礎​架​構​即​服​務​ (IaaS) 平​臺​。​

#### 2.6.2. OpenNebula

Fedora 17 也​新​增​了​ OpenNebula。​OpenNebula 提​供​具​有​面​向​資​料​中​心​虛​擬​化​的​ IaaS 平​臺​。​環​境​的​管​理​可​以​透​過​指​令​列​或​圖​形​化​介​面​完​成​。​與​ Amazon EC2 相​容​的​ Open Cloud Computing Interface 開​放​雲​端​運​算​介​面​ (OCCI) 已​包​含​其​中​。​

#### 2.6.3. OpenStack

Fedora 17 包​含​最​新​版​的​ OpenStack 套​裝​軟​體​，代​號​為​「​Essex」​。​本​次​新​發​行​中​包​含​最​新​版​的​網​路​管​理​介​面​ ("Horizon") 與​虛​擬​網​路​活​動​ ("Quantum")。​Qpid 可​用​來​作​為​ RabbitMQ 供​給​ AQMP 後​端​的​替​代​方​案​，也​是​ Fedora 17 提​供​的​新​功​能​。​此​外​， libguestfs 可​以​支​援​多​種​虛​擬​磁​碟​格​式​，這​也​讓​ Fedora 的​ OpenStack 更​具​彈​性​。​

#### 2.6.4. Open vSwitch

Fedora 17 包​含​ Open vSwitch，軟​體​基​礎​的​網​路​切​換​器​，用​來​提​供​虛​擬​機​網​路​服​務​。​Open vSwitch 支​援​ OpenFlow，您​可​以​輕​鬆​管​理​。​

### 2.7. 資​料​庫​伺​服​器​

#### 2.7.1. mysql

Fedora 17 includes mysql 5.5.20, updated from 5.5.14 in Fedora 16.

#### 2.7.2. postgresql

postgresql has been upgraded to 9.1.2

## Potentially Incompatible Change

If you rely on the `information_schema.referential_constraints` view, or if you have columns of type `citext`, you may need to take special action. Refer to http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/release-9-1-2.html.
This is primarily a bugfix release.

#### 2.7.3. sqlite

sqlite has been upgraded to 3.7.9

## Potentially Incompatible Change

If a search token (on the right-hand side of the `MATCH` operator) in FTS4 begins with "^" then that token must be the first in its field of the document.
There are many changes and improvements:

- Orders of magnitude performance improvement for `CREATE INDEX` on very large tables.
- Improved the windows VFS to better defend against interference from anti-virus software.
- Improved query plan optimization when the `DISTINCT` keyword is present.
- Allow more system calls to be overridden in the unix VFS - to provide better support for chromium sandboxes.
- Increase the default size of a lookahead cache line from 100 to 128 bytes.
- Enhancements to the `test_quota.c` module so that it can track preexisting files.
- Added options `SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT` and `SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_MISS` to the `sqlite3_db_status()` interface.
- Removed support for `SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2`, replacing it with the much more capable `SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3` option.
- Enhancements to the sqlite3_analyzer utility program, including the `--pageinfo` and `--stats` options and support for multiplexed databases.
- Enhance the `sqlite3_data_count()` interface so that it can be used to determine if `SQLITE_DONE` has been seen on the prepared statement.
- Added the `SQLITE_FCNTL_OVERWRITE` file-control by which the SQLite core indicates to the VFS that the current transaction will overwrite the entire database file.
- Increase the default lookaside memory allocator allocation size from 100 to 128 bytes.
- Enhanced the query planner so that it can factor terms in and out of `OR` expressions in the `WHERE` clause in an effort to find better indices.
- Added the `SQLITE_DIRECT_OVERFLOW_READ` compile-time option, causing overflow pages to be read directly from the database file, bypassing the page cache.
- Remove limits on the magnitude of precision and width value in the format specifiers of the `sqlite3_mprintf()` family of string rendering routines.

### 2.8. 系​統​幕​後​程​式​

#### 2.8.1. pciutils

pciutils 套​件​，提​供​檢​測​與​設​定​ PCI 裝​置​的​工​具​，Fedora 17 中​已​經​升​級​為​ 3.1.9。​它​加​入​ PCI Express 3 代​硬​體​其​讀​取​速​度​與​連​結​狀​態​欄​位​的​支​援​。​

#### 2.8.2. brltty

Fedora 17 包​含​ 4.3 版​的​ brltty，一​套​ Braille 盲​人​點​字​顯​示​幕​後​程​式​。​4.3 版​包​括​新​的​紀​錄​與​設​定​選​項​，以​及​額​外​裝​置​的​支​援​。​

### 2.9. Xorg

#### 2.9.1. GNOME Shell 的​軟​體​算​繪​

GNOME Shell 體​驗​現​在​可​用​於​所​有​硬​體​上​，包​括​那​些​使​用​軟​體​算​繪​技​術​的​裝​置​。​期​望​使​用​ GNOME 後​備​模​式​的​使​用​者​們​仍​可​以​手​動​從​ 系​統​資​訊​ 控​制​面​板​程​式​，選​取​ 繪​圖​，接​著​設​定​強​制​後​備​模​式​ 選​項​為​ 開​ 來​啟​用​它​。​

#### 2.9.2. 多​點​觸​控​支​援​

Fedora 17 中​的​ X 伺​服​器​與​函​式​庫​支​援​支​援​ 2.2 版​的​ XInput 擴​充​程​式​，這​包​括​多​點​觸​控​。​Fedora 上​的​應​用​程​式​現​在​可​以​選​擇​是​否​要​利​用​多​點​觸​控​的​優​勢​。​

#### 2.9.3. 平​滑​捲​動​支​援​

更​新​的​ X 伺​服​器​也​提​供​平​滑​捲​動​給​支​援​此​功​能​的​驅​動​程​式​與​裝​置​。​捲​動​資​料​除​了​過​往​的​按​鈕​按​壓​事​件​外​，現​在​可​以​也​輸​出​軸​向​值​。​這​讓​應​用​程​式​可​以​將​速​度​納​入​計​算​，並​提​供​使​用​者​更​平​滑​的​捲​動​體​驗​。​例​如​多​點​觸​控​，若​想​利​用​平​滑​捲​動​支​援​的​優​點​，必​須​積​極​將​它​整​合​進​客​戶​端​應​用​程​式​中​。​

#### 2.9.4. DRI2 驅​動​程​式​

i810、​mga、​r128、​savage, sis、​tdfx、​ unichrome 等​ DRI 驅​動​程​式​不​再​提​供​，因​為​它​們​不​再​包​含​在​ Mesa 中​。​受​影​響​的​硬​體​裝​置​包​含​下​列​裝​置​與​其​分​支​：

- Intel i810 與​ i815 主​機​板​晶​片​組​
- Matrox MGA G200、​G400、​G450、​G550 顯​示​卡​
- ATI Rage 128 顯​示​卡​
- S3 Savage 3D 與​ Savage 4 顯​示​卡​
- SiS 300、​540、​630、​730 晶​片​組​
- 3dfx Voodoo 3、​Voodoo 4、​Voodoo 5 顯​示​卡​
- VIA Unichrome 與​ Unichrome Pro 晶​片​組​

此​硬​體​現​在​已​透​過​ llvmpipe 軟​體​ 3D 驅​動​程​式​支​援​，不​像​舊​的​ DRI 驅​動​程​式​，遺​棄​ OpenGL 2.x 的​功​能​。​

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