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# syslog-protocol support in rsyslog

Rsyslog provides a trial implementation of the proposed syslog-protocol standard. The intention of this implementation is to find out what inside syslog-protocol is causing problems during implementation. As syslog-protocol is a standard under development, its support in rsyslog is highly volatile. It may change from release to release. So while it provides some advantages in the real world, users are cautioned against using it right now. If you do, be prepared that you will probably need to update all of your rsyslogds with each new release. If you try it anyhow, please provide feedback as that would be most beneficial for us.

## Currently supported message format

Due to recent discussion on syslog-protocol, we do not follow any specific revision of the draft but rather the candidate ideas. The format supported currently is:

`<PRI>VERSION SP TIMESTAMP SP HOSTNAME SP APP-NAME SP PROCID SP MSGID SP [SD-ID]s SP MSG`

Field syntax and semantics are as defined in IETF I-D syslog-protocol-15.

## Capabilities Implemented

- receiving message in the supported format (see above)
- sending messages in the supported format
- relaying messages
- receiving messages in either legacy or -protocol format and transforming them into the other one
- virtual availability of TAG, PROCID, APP-NAME, MSGID, SD-ID no matter if the message was received via legacy format, API or syslog-protocol format (non-present fields are being emulated with great success)
- maximum message size is set via preprocessor #define
- syslog-protocol messages can be transmitted both over UDP and plain TCP with some restrictions on compliance in the case of TCP

## Findings

This lists what has been found during implementation:

- The same receiver must be able to support both legacy and syslog-protocol syslog messages. Anything else would be a big inconvenience to users and would make deployment much harder. The detection must be done automatically (see below on how easy that is).
- NUL characters inside MSG cause the message to be truncated at that point. This is probably a major point for many C-based implementations. No measures have yet been taken against this. Modifying the code to "cleanly" support NUL characters is non-trivial, even though rsyslogd already has some byte-counted string library (but this is new and not yet available everywhere).
- character encoding in MSG: is is problematic to do the right UTF-8 encoding. The reason is that we pick up the MSG from the local domain socket (which got it from the syslog(3) API). The text obtained does not include any encoding information, but it does include non US-ASCII characters. It may also include any other encoding. Other than by guessing based on the provided text, I have no way to find out what it is. In order to make the syslogd do anything useful, I have now simply taken the message as is and stuffed it into the MSG part. Please note that I think this will be a route that other implementors would take, too.
- A minimal parser is easy to implement. It took me roughly 2 hours to add it to rsyslogd. This includes the time for restructuring the code to be able to parse both legacy syslog as well as syslog-protocol. The parser has some restrictions, though
  - STRUCTURED-DATA field is extracted, but not validated. Structured data "[test ]]" is not caught as an error. Nor are any other errors caught. For my needs with this syslogd, that level of structured data processing is probably sufficient. I do not want to parse/validate it in all cases. This is also a performance issue. I think other implementors could have the same view. As such, we should not make validation a requirement.
  - MSG is not further processed (e.g. Unicode not being validated)
  - the other header fields are also extracted, but no validation is performed right now. At least some validation should be easy to add (not done this because it is a proof-of-concept and scheduled to change).
- Universal access to all syslog fields (missing ones being emulated) was also quite easy. It took me around another 2 hours to integrate emulation of non-present fields into the code base.
- The version at the start of the message makes it easy to detect if we have legacy syslog or syslog-protocol. Do NOT move it to somewhere inside the middle of the message, that would complicate things. It might not be totally fail-safe to just rely on "1 " as the "cookie" for a syslog-protocol. Eventually, it would be good to add some more uniqueness, e.g. "@#1 ".
- I have no (easy) way to detect truncation if that happens on the UDP stack. All I see is that I receive e.g. a 4K message. If the message was e.g. 6K, I received two chunks. The first chunk (4K) is correctly detected as a syslog-protocol message, the second (2K) as legacy syslog. I do not see what we could do against this. This questions the usefulness of the TRUNCATE bit. Eventually, I could look at the UDP headers and see that it is a fragment. I have looked at a network sniffer log of the conversation. This looks like two totally-independent messages were sent by the sender stack.
- The maximum message size is currently being configured via a preprocessor #define. It can easily be set to 2K or 4K, but more than 4K is not possible because of UDP stack limitations. Eventually, this can be worked around, but I have not done this yet.
- rsyslogd can accept syslog-protocol formatted messages but is able to relay them in legacy format. I find this a must in real-life deployments. For this, I needed to do some field mapping so that APP-NAME/PROCID are mapped into a TAG.
- rsyslogd can also accept legacy syslog message and relay them in syslog-protocol format. For this, I needed to apply some sub-parsing of the TAG, which on most occasions provides correct results. There might be some misinterpretations but I consider these to be mostly non-intrusive.
- Messages received from the syslog API (the normal case under *nix) also do not have APP-NAME and PROCID and I must parse them out of TAG as described directly above. As such, this algorithm is absolutely vital to make things work on *nix.
- I have an issue with messages received via the syslog(3) API (or, to be more precise, via the local domain socket this API writes to): These messages contain a timestamp, but that timestamp does neither have the year nor the high-resolution time. The year is no real issue, I just take the year of the reception of that message. There is a very small window of exposure for messages read from the log immediately after midnight Jan 1st. The message in the domain socket might have been written immediately before midnight in the old year. I think this is acceptable. However, I can not assign a high-precision timestamp, at least it is somewhat off if I take the timestamp from message reception on the local socket. An alternative might be to ignore the timestamp present and instead use that one when the message is pulled from the local socket (I am talking about IPC, not the network - just a reminder...). This is doable, but eventually not advisable. It looks like this needs to be resolved via a configuration option.
- rsyslogd already advertised its origin information on application startup (in a syslog-protocol-14 compatible format). It is fairly easy to include that with any message if desired (not currently done).
- A big problem I noticed are malformed messages. In -syslog-protocol, we recommend/require to discard malformed messages. However, in practice users would like to see everything that the syslogd receives, even if it is in error. For the first version, I have not included any error handling at all. However, I think I would deliberately ignore any "discard" requirement. My current point of view is that in my code I would eventually flag a message as being invalid and allow the user to filter on this invalidness. So these invalid messages could be redirected into special bins.
- The error logging recommendations (those I insisted on;)) are not really practical. My application has its own error logging philosophy and I will not change this to follow a draft.
- Relevance of support for leap seconds and senders without knowledge of time is questionable. I have not made any specific provisions in the code nor would I know how to handle that differently. I could, however, pull the local reception timestamp in this case, so it might be useful to have this feature. I do not think any more about this for the initial proof-of-concept. Note it as a potential problem area, especially when logging to databases.
- The HOSTNAME field for internally generated messages currently contains the hostname part only, not the FQDN. This can be changed inside the code base, but it requires some thinking so that thinks are kept compatible with legacy syslog. I have not done this for the proof-of-concept, but I think it is not really bad. Maybe an hour or half a day of thinking.
- It is possible that I did not receive a TAG with legacy syslog or via the syslog API. In this case, I can not generate the APP-NAME. For consistency, I have used "-" in such cases (just like in PROCID, MSGID and STRUCTURED-DATA).
- As an architectural side-effect, syslog-protocol formatted messages can also be transmitted over non-standard syslog/raw tcp. This implementation uses the industry-standard LF termination of tcp syslog records. As such, syslog-protocol messages containing a LF will be broken invalidly. There is nothing that can be done against this without specifying a TCP transport. This issue might be more important than one thinks on first thought. The reason is the wide deployment of syslog/tcp via industry standard.

Some notes on syslog-transport-udp-06

- I did not make any low-level modifications to the UDP code and think I am still basically covered with this I-D.
- I deliberately violate section 3.3 insofar as that I do not necessarily accept messages destined to port 514. This feature is user-required and a must. The same applies to the destination port. I am not sure if the "MUST" in section 3.3 was meant that this MUST be an option, but not necessarily be active. The wording should be clarified.
- section 3.6: I do not check checksums. See the issue with discarding messages above. The same solution will probably be applied in my code.

## Conlusions/Suggestions

These are my personal conclusions and suggestions. Obviously, they must be discussed ;)

- NUL should be disallowed in MSG
- As it is not possible to definitely know the character encoding of the application-provided message, MSG should not be specified to use UTF-8 exclusively. Instead, it is suggested that any encoding may be used but UTF-8 is preferred. To detect UTF-8, the MSG should start with the UTF-8 byte order mask of "EF BB BF" if it is UTF-8 encoded (see section 155.9 of http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.0.0/ch15.pdf)
- Requirements to drop messages should be reconsidered. I guess I would not be the only implementor ignoring them.
- Logging requirements should be reconsidered and probably be removed.
- It would be advisable to specify "-" for APP-NAME is the name is not known to the sender.
- The implications of the current syslog/tcp industry standard on syslog-protocol should be further evaluated and be fully understood

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This documentation is part of the rsyslog project.
Copyright © 2008 by Rainer Gerhards and Adiscon. Released under the GNU GPL version 2 or higher.